Help Making Medical Decisions

This page explains your right to make health care decisions and how you can plan now for your medical care if you are unable to speak for yourself in the future. We hope this information will help increase your control over your medical treatment. (A federal law requires us to give you this information.)

Who decides my treatment?
Your doctors will give you information and advice about treatment. You have the right to choose. You can say "Yes" to treatments you want. You can say "No" to any treatment that you do not want-even if the treatment might keep you alive longer.

How do I know what I want?
Your doctor must tell you about your medical condition and about what different treatments and pain management alterations can do for you. Many treatments have "side effects." Your doctor must offer you information about problems that medical treatment is likely to cause you.

Often, more than one treatment might help you-and people have different ideas about which is best. Your doctor can tell you which treatments are available to you, but your doctor cannot choose for you. That choice is your to make and depends on what is important to you.

Can other people help with my decisions?
Yes. Patients often turn to their relatives and close friends for help in making medical decisions. These people can help you think about the choices you face. You can ask the doctors and nurses to talk with your relatives and friends. They can ask the doctors and nurses questions for you.

Can I choose a relative or friend to make health care decisions for me?
Yes. You may tell your doctor that you want someone else to make health care decisions for you. Ask the doctor to list that person as your health care "surrogate" in your medical record. The surrogate's control over your medical decisions is effective only during treatment for your current illness or injury, or if you are in a medical facility, until you leave the facility.

What if I become too sick to make my own health care decisions?
If you have not named a surrogate, your doctor will ask your closest available relative or friend to help decide what is the best for you. Most of the time that works. But sometimes everyone does not agree about what to do. That is why it is helpful if you can say in advance what you want to happen if you cannot speak for yourself.

Do I have to wait until I am sick to express my wishes about health care?
No. In fact, it is better to choose before you get very sick or have to go into a hospital, nursing home, or other health care facility. You can use an Advance Health Care Directive to say who you want to speak for you and what kind of treatments you want. These documents are called "advance" because you prepare one before health care decisions need to be made. They are called "directives" because they state who will speak on your behalf and what should be done.

In California, the part of an advance directive you can use to appoint an agent to make health care decisions is called a Power of Attorney For Health Care. The part where you can express what you want done is called an Individual Health Care Instruction.

Who can make an advance directive?
You can if you are 18 years of age or older and are capable of making your own medical decisions. You do not need a lawyer.

Who can I name my agent?
You can choose an adult relative or any other person you trust to speak for you when medical decisions must be made. When does my agent begin making my medical decisions? Usually, a health care agent will make decisions only after you lose the ability to make them yourself. But, if you wish, you can state in the Power of Attorney for Health Care that you want the agent to begin making decisions immediately.

How does my agent know what I would want?
After you choose your agent, talk to that person about what you want. Sometimes treatment decisions are hard to make, and it truly helps if your agent knows what you want. You can also write your decisions down in your advance directive.

What if I do not want to name an agent?
You can still write out your wishes in your Advance Directive, without naming an agent. You can say that you want to have your life continued as long as possible. Or you can say that you would not want treatment to continue your life. Also, you can express your wishes about the use of pain relief or any other type of medical treatment. Even if you have not filled out a written Individual Health Care Instruction, you can discuss your wishes with your doctor, and ask you doctor to list those wishes in your medical record. Or you can discuss your wishes with your family members or friends. But it will probably be easier to follow your wishes if you write them down.

What if I change my mind?
You can change or cancel your Advance Directive at any time as long as you communicate your wishes. To change the person you want to make your health care decisions, you must sign a statement or tell the doctor in charge of your care.

What happens when someone else makes decisions about my treatment?
The same rules apply to anyone who makes health care decisions on your behalf-a health care agent, a surrogate whose name you gave the doctor, or a person appointed by a court to make decisions for you. All are required to follow your Health Care Instructions or, if none, general wishes about treatment, including stopping treatment. If your treatment wishes are not known, the surrogate must try to determine what is in your best interest.

The people providing your health care must follow the decisions of your agent or surrogate unless a requested treatment would be bad medical practice or ineffective in helping you. If this causes disagreement that cannot be worked out, the provider must make a reasonable effort to find another health care provider to take over your treatment.

Will I still be treated if I do not make an Advance Directive?
Absolutely. You will get medical treatment. We just want you to know that if you become too sick to make decisions, someone else will have to make them for you.

Remember ...

A Power of Attorney For Health Care lets you name an agent to make decisions for you. Your agent can make most medical decisions-not just those about life sustaining treatment-when you cannot speak for yourself. You can also let your agent make decisions earlier, if you wish.

You can create an Individual Health Care Instruction by writing down your wishes about health care or by talking with your doctor and asking the doctor to record your wishes in your medical file. If you know when you would or would not want certain types of treatment, an Instruction provides a good way to make your wishes clear to your doctor and to anyone else who may be involved in deciding about treatment on your behalf.

These two types of Advance Health Care Directives may be used together or separately.

The California Consortium on Patient Self-Determination prepared the preceding text, which has been adopted by the California Department of Health Services to implement Public Law 101-508, 4/97